Forty years of research into reading has elucidated many of the psychological processes underpinning the reading process, but until recently, the cognitive underpinnings of fluency have been relatively unknown. In this review, a description is provided of reading fluency as a cognitive and neurobiological phenomenon, including the research that has gone into understanding this process. My own and my colleagues’ work has focused heavily on this area, and I outline our main findings to date. I end by outlining the implications of this work for our understanding of reading fluency in normally developed and dyslexic adults.

A behavioural approach to policy has already been applied to a range of public policy challenges. This article explores and develops the relationship between a behavioural approach to policy and the field of language policy and planning. The Welsh Government’s recent language strategies offer some evidence of an embryonic relationship between the two fields, with the ambitious target of a million Welsh speakers offering policy imperative to the application of behavioural insights in support of revitalization efforts. This article explains that efforts to revitalize the Welsh language have depended on an understanding of behaviour that emphasizes the rational characteristics of behaviour. It is argued that this dependence neglects alternative understandings of behaviour and associated nudge policies.

Mae'r prosiect yma yn anelu at edrych ar sut mae pobl ddwyieithog (sy'n rhugl neu yn datblygu eu Cymraeg) yn cael gafael ar ac yn defnyddio pob un o'u hieithoedd. Ar ben hynny, bydd yn edrych ar y rhyngweithio rhwng y ddwy iaith ac, yn benodol, sut mae cael ail iaith (Cymraeg) yn dylanwadu ar berfformiad yn eu hiaith gyntaf (Saesneg). Mae hyn yn bwysig nid yn unig achos bydd yn rhoi mewnwelediad i rôl ataliad mewn prosesu iaith ddwyieithog, ond bydd hefyd yn taflu golau ar sut mae siaradwyr Cymraeg yn dysgu'r iaith ac integreiddio i mewn i'r geiriadur meddwl mewnol, a allai, yn ei dro, yn arwain at strategaethau addysgol a all gynyddu effeithlonrwydd dysgu Cymraeg fel ail iaith. Yr astudiaeth hon yw'r cyntaf i archwilio rôl ataliad mewn pobl ddwyieithog Cymraeg/Saesneg a'r rhai sy'n dysgu Cymraeg fel ail iaith a disgwylir iddo fod yr astudiaeth gyntaf mewn rhaglen ymchwil barhaus. Ariannwyd y gwaith gyda chymorth grant bach gan y Coleg Cymraeg

This resource is designed to provide sports psychology support through the medium of Welsh to Welsh-speaking athletes. The aim is to fully understand performance anxiety.